Researchers use food waste as carbon black replacement in tyres

Researchers at The Ohio State University have discovered that food waste can partially replace carbon black in tyres. According to their tests, rubber made with the new fillers exceeds industrial standards for performance.

Katrina Cornish, an Ohio Research Scholar and Endowed chair in Biomaterials at Ohio State, has spent years cultivating new domestic rubber sources, including a rubber-producing dandelion. Now she has a patent-pending method for turning eggshells and tomato peels into viable – and locally sourced – replacements for carbon black.

Carbon black is getting harder to come by, Cornish said: “The tyre industry is growing very quickly, and we don’t just need more natural rubber, we need more filler, too,” she explained. “The number of tyres being produced worldwide is going up all the time, so countries are using all the carbon black they can make. There’s no longer a surplus, so we can’t just buy some from Russia to make up the difference like we used to.

“We’re not suggesting that we collect the eggshells from your breakfast,” Cornish said. “We’re going right to the biggest source.”

According to the USDA, Americans consume nearly 100 billion eggs each year. Half are cracked open in commercial food factories, which pay to have the shells hauled to landfills by the ton. There, the mineral-packed shells don’t break down.

The second most popular vegetable in the United States—the tomato—also provides a source of filler, the researchers found. Americans eat 13 million tons of tomatoes per year, most of them canned or otherwise processed.

Commercial tomatoes have been bred to grow thick, fibrous skins so that they can survive being packed and transported long distances. When food companies want to make a product such as tomato sauce, they peel and discard the skin, which isn’t easily digestible.

Cindy Barrera, a postdoctoral researcher in Cornish’s lab, found in tests that eggshells have porous microstructures that provide larger surface area for contact with the rubber, and give rubber-based materials unusual properties. Tomato peels, on the other hand, are highly stable at high temperatures and can also be used to generate material with good performance.

“Fillers generally make rubber stronger, but they also make it less flexible,” Barrera said. “We found that replacing different portions of carbon black with ground eggshells and tomato peels caused synergistic effects—for instance, enabling strong rubber to retain flexibility.”

Different colour

Unlike carbon black, which give tyres their recongisable black colour, the new rubber doesn’t look black, but rather reddish brown, depending on the amount of eggshell or tomato in it. With doctoral student Tony Ren, Cornish and Barrera are now testing different combinations and looking at ways to add colour to the materials.

Current Ohio State doctoral student Jessica Slutzky and former master’s student Griffin Michael Bates participated in the research.

The university has licensed the patent-pending technology to Cornish’s company, EnergyEne, for further development.